Fatwa

Bagaimana Hukum Wasiat Memutuskan Hubungan Keluarga?

06 Dec 2020 05:49 WIB
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Bagaimana Hukum Wasiat Memutuskan Hubungan Keluarga?

Alasan Islam mengajarkan untuk membagi harta warisan dengan adil dan bagi mendiang agar tetap boleh berwasiat adalah untuk mencegah terjadinya perseteruan sedarah. Tetapi bagaimana jika isi wasiat malah menyuruh untuk memutuskan hubungan darah sesama keluarga?

Kasus unik ini diterima oleh Darul Ifta Mesir. Si penanya mengeluh bahwa dia tidak bisa bertemu saudarinya hingga akhir hidup saudari tersebut.

Kepada Lembaga Fatwa Mesir itu, dia bercerita, “Suami saudariku tidak mengizinkan saya untuk menjenguk saudariku di rumah sakit bahkan saat saudari saya berada di ruang ICU. Dia berdalih bahwa saudari saya langsung yang meminta hal ini.”

“Lima hari kemudian saudariku meninggal dunia,” lanjut dia, “lalu dimakamkan bahkan tanpa sepengatuhan saya! Dia juga berkata kepada orang-orang bahwa ini adalah salah satu wasiat dari mendiang saudari saya.”

Dilansir dari Masrawy, dalam menanggapi pertanyaan di atas Darul Ifta Mesir langsung mengutip firman Allah SWT yang berbunyi,

كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ إِنْ تَرَكَ خَيْرًا الْوَصِيَّةُ لِلْوَالِدَيْنِ وَالْأَقْرَبِينَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ حَقًّا عَلَى الْمُتَّقِينَ

“Diwajibkan atas kamu, apabila maut hendak menjemput seseorang di antara kamu, jika dia meninggalkan harta, berwasiat untuk kedua orang tua dan karib kerabat dengan cara yang baik, (sebagai) kewajiban bagi orang-orang yang bertakwa.” (QS. Al-Baqarah [2]: 180)

Baca juga: Penjelasan Syekh Ali Jum’ah Soal Polemik Jatah Waris dalam Islam

Diriwayatkan oleh Imam Ibn Majah dari Jabir ra bahwa Rasulullah SAW bersabda,

مَنْ مَاتَ عَلَى وَصِيَّةٍ مَاتَ عَلَى سَبِيلٍ وَسُنَّةٍ، وَمَاتَ عَلَى تُقًى وَشَهَادَةٍ، وَمَاتَ مَغْفُورًا لَهُ

“Barangsiapa meninggal dalam keadaan berwasiat maka dia meninggal di atas jalan yang benar dan sesuai sunnah. Meninggalnya juga berada dalam keadaan taqwa dan syahid serta berada dalam pengampunan.”

Ayat dan hadits di atas menjelaskan bahwa wasiat merupakan anjuran syariat. Hukumnya juga beragam  tergantung dengan kondisi, bisa jadi mubah, halal, sunnah bahkan haram.

Contoh, jika seseorang mewasiatkan anaknya untuk meminum arak atau melakukan perbuatan maksiat, jelas wasiat itu haram hukumnya untuk dipatuhi dan malah wajib untuk ditinggalkan.

Untuk kasus di atas, jika benar mendiang berwasiat demikian, isi wasiat itu bertentangan dengan syariat Islam. Agama kita  memerintahkan umat untuk saling menjalin silaturahmi sebagaimana terkutip dalam hadits yang diriwayatkan oleh Muslim:

عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه أن رجلًا قال: يا رَسُولَ اللهِ، إِنَّ لِي قَرَابَةً أَصِلُهُم وَيَقْطَعُونِي، وأُحسنُ إِلَيْهِمْ وَيُسِيئُونَ إلَيَّ، وأَحْلُمُ عَنهُمْ وَيَجْهَلُونَ عَلَيَّ، فَقَال: «لَئِنْ كُنْتَ كَمَا قُلْتَ فَكَأَنَّمَا تُسِفُّهُمُ الْمَلَّ، وَلَا يَزَالُ مَعَكَ مِنَ اللهِ ظَهِيرٌ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا دُمْتَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ»

Dari Abu Hurairah, ada seorang lelaki bertanya kepada Nabi SAW: "Ya Rasulullah, sesungguhnya saya mempunyai beberapa kerabat. Saya dekati mereka tapi mereka malah menjauh. Saya berbuat baik kepada mereka, tetapi mereka berlaku buruk ke saya saya. Saya berusaha selalu memikirkan mereka, tetapi mereka melupakan saya.

Rasulullah SAW pun menjawab, "Jika yang kamu katakan itu benar, maka seolah-olah mereka itu kau beri makan dari makanan yang terbuat dari abu. Kamu akan senantiasa berada dalam naungan Allah SWT dalam menghadapi mereka selama kamu memang benar berada dalam kondisi seperti itu." (HR. Muslim)

Baca juga: Berwasiat Mushaf Dikubur dalam Kain Kafan agar Selamat

Dalam syarahnya, Imam An-Nawawi berkata bahwa dalam hadits ini Rasulullah SAW menganalogikan orang-orang yang memutus silaturahmi seperti orang yang disuapi dengan abu yang panas. Ibarat semua kebaikan orang lain yang mereka acuhkan menjadi hinaan bagi mereka sendiri.

Mengutip dari pernyataan Darul Ifta di laman resminya, jika terbukti bahwa wasiat itu benar adanya, maka wajib bagi sang suami untuk tidak mematuhinya. Apabila dia memenuhi wasiat itu, maka ia ikut berdosa karena membantu perbuatan maksiat termasuk dalam bentuk maksiat juga.

Lembaga Fatwa pimpinan Syekh Syauqi Allam itu juga menjelaskan bahwa memaafkan adalah perbuatan yang sangat mulia. Allah SWT berfirman:

خُذِ الْعَفْوَ وَأْمُرْ بِالْعُرْفِ وَأَعْرِضْ عَنِ الْجَاهِلِينَ

“Jadilah engkau pemaaf dan suruhlah orang mengerjakan yang baik, serta berpalinglah dari orang-orang yang bodoh.” (QS. Al-A’raf [7]: 199)

Alangkah indahnya jika kita bisa meninggalkan kekhilafan-kekhilafan di masa lampau dan memulai lembaran baru yang dimulai dengan kasih sayang dan persaudaraan. Seringkali perselisihan bahkan peperangan berasal dari adanya kesalahpemahaman yang enggan diklarifikasi.

Sultan Nurfadel
Sultan Nurfadel / 22 Artikel

Seorang mahasiswa Al-Azhar jurusan Akidah dan Filsafat. Warga Sunda yang mengaku sebagai calon presiden 2029.

Syawqi mustajab
06 December 2020
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