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Syeikh Nawawi Banten dalam Kaca Mata Snouck Hurgronje

09 Apr 2021 10:41 WIB
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Syeikh Nawawi Banten dalam Kaca Mata Snouck Hurgronje

Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje adalah seorang orientalis VOC Belanda yang ditugaskan mempelajari semua lini kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia demi kepentingan kolonialisme. Dia menghabiskan waktu cukup lama di Aceh dan Jawa untuk memberi informasi penting pada VOC. Bahkan dia sempat menyamar dengan nama Abdul Ghaffar untuk meneliti tradisi penduduk Jawa (Nusantara) di Mekkah (1885 M).

Di sana dia sempat mendokumentasikan temuannya dalam sebuah buku berjudul Mecca (1889 M). Saya membaca versi terjemahnya ke dalam bahasa Arab. Temuan-temuan ini bersifat barat-centris dan sudut pandang antropolog orientalis. Jadi pembaca harus menjaga jarak secara kritis. Kelebihan penelitian orientalis terdapat pada kedetailan data. Karena di mata orang asing, semua tradisi timur juga bersifat asing dan menarik.

Proses Belajar

Saat mendeskripsikan rakyat Banten di Mekah, dia memulai:

Ada beberapa ulama Mekah yang berasal dari Banten. Pembesarnya adalah seorang guru syariat bernama Nawawi Banten. Ayahnya seorang imam masjid di kampung halamannya, Tanara. Dialah guru pertama Nawawi Banten dengan dua adik kandungnya: Tamim dan Ahmad.

Lantas ketiga bersaudara itu dikirim oleh ayahnya ke Banten untuk melanjutkan studinya ke seorang ulama masyhur, Haji Sahl. Kemudian berlanjut ke Purwakarta untuk belajar pada Raden Haji Yusuf yang di masa itu menjadi tempat berteduh santri dari penjuru Jawa bagian barat.

Ketiganya dibawa melaksanakan haji dan Nawawi muda sempat tinggal selama 3 tahun untuk mendalami ilmu agama di kota suci. Nawawi Banten pulang dengan membawa ilmu di dadanya namun tetap menyimpan hasrat untuk kembali dan menetap di kota suci.

Sekembalinya ke Mekah, Nawawi Banten muda melanjutkan belajar pada ulama-ulama Nusantara seperti Syeikh Khatib Sambas (mursyid tarekat Naqshabandiyah-Qadiriyah), Syeikh Abdul Ghani Bima. Namun keilmuannya benar-benar ditempa di bawah bimbingan Syeikh Yusuf As-Sumbulawi, An-Nahrawi Al-Mashri dan Abdul Hamid Ad-Daghistani. Nama terakhir adalah guru mulazamah Nawawi Banten hingga wafatnya.

Syeikh Nawawi Banten di Majelisnya

Setelah 30an tahun membekali diri dengan ilmu, kini Syeikh Nawawi Banten mulai mengajar di lantai dasar rumahnya sejak pagi jam 7:30 hingga jam 12 siang. Kuliah ilmiahnya dibagi menjadi 3 sesi: jam pertama untuk santri pemula yang mendalami gramatika bahasa Arab dan sisanya untuk santri lanjutan. Saat malam hari, Syeikh duduk menulis karya-karya ilmiahnya ditemani lentera kecil.

Syeikh Nawawi Banten adalah figur sempurna bagi pelajar Jawa (Nusantara). Selain hafal Al-Qur’an, dia juga fasih berbahasa Arab selayaknya orang Arab. Bahkan dia terlihat tidak fasih tatkala berbahasa Arab Amiyah (pasaran) atau berbahasa Jawa. “Terkadang saat berbicara dengan bahasa Jawa atau Arab Amiyah membuat penduduk Mekah tertawa,” kata Snouck.

Pergaulan Sosial Syeikh Nawawi Banten

Kekurangan Syeikh Nawawi Banten hanya satu: dia tidak perduli dengan penampilan. Meski memang terlihat menjaga kebersihan baju dan imamah (surban)nya. Bahkan tatkala menghadiri even-even penting.

Orang yang duduk dengannya dan tidak mengenalnya dari awal tak akan mengira bahwa pria yang ada di sampingnya adalah ulama besar yang telah menulis 20an karya. Jumlah ini berdasarkan laporan Snouck Hurgronje dekade 1885-1887 M. Setelahnya Syeikh Nawawi semakin produktif hingga menulis 34 judul kitab.    

“Saya pernah menanyakannya langsung,” kata Snouck, “Kenapa anda tidak mengajar di Masjid Al-Haram?”

Syeikh menjawab,Pakaianku lusuh dan saya merasa tak pantas duduk bersama ulama Arab.

“Tapi banyak ulama Jawa yang keilmuannya jauh di bawahmu yang mengajar di Masjid Al-Haram,” kejar Snouck.

Syeikh hanya menjawab dengan enteng,Oh iya? Betapa beruntungnya mereka.”

Postur tubuh Syeikh Nawawi Banten kecil. Saat berjalan seakan-akan bumi yang dia injak serupa dengan kertas yang sedang dibacanya. Artinya, dia selalu berjalan menunduk tawadlu’. Dia memang sering berujar di majelisnya,Saya tak ada harganya dibanding debu yang menempel di kaki pencari ilmu.

Namun kerendahan hati Syeikh Nawawi tak lantas menyurutkan niat masyarakat Nusantara untuk mengirim surat dan meminta fatwa. Mereka juga berebutan mencium tangan beliau dalam banyak kesempatan. Syeikh bukan tipikal ulama-kiai berpengaruh secara sosial dan politik, selain aspek keilmuan dan akhlaknya. Ini yang mengundang santri-santri dari Sunda, Jawa dan Melayu duduk khidmat mendengarkan ceramah-ceramahnya.

Dalam pergaulan sosial, Syeikh terlihat irit bicara. Dia tipe ulama yang fasih secara tulisan namun tidak pandai berbasa-basi secara lisan. Obrolan tak pernah membekas dalam dirinya karena fokus pikirannya pada ilmu. Syeikh tak pernah memulai diskusi kecuali orang lain memulainya.   

Politik Syeikh Nawawi Banten

Meski demikian, perlawanan rakyat Aceh (1873-1913 M) dalam pandangan Snouck diilhami oleh Nawawi Banten. Dia menolak sistem pemerintahan kafir Belanda. Dia juga sering menyinggung di majelisnya tentang pentingnya menghidupkan kembali kesultanan Banten.

Syeikh dianggap salah seorang ulama yang menjadi “biang kerok” perlawanan rakyat Aceh pada kolonial Belanda.

Karya-karya Seikh Nawawi Banten

Minatnya memang minim terhadap isu politik. Fokus Syeikh adalah keilmuan. Dia mencetak karya-karyanya di percetakan Mesir. Baru-baru ini, kata Snouck, dia mencetak tafsir Al-Qur’annya (Marah Labid) di percetakan modern Mekah. Selebihnya dia terbitkan di Kairo-Mesir:

Syarah Ajrumiyah 1881 M, Lubab Al-Bayan 1884 M, Dirayat Al-Yaqin 1886 M, Syarah Sanusiyah 1886 M, Fathu Al-Mujib Ala Ad-Durr Al-Farid karya gurunya, An-Nahrawi 1881 M, dua komentarnya atas Mawlid Al-Barzanji, Syarah Asma Al-Husna, dua kitab fikih (Tausyih dan), Syarah Manasik Al-Hajj karya As-Syarbini 1880 M, Komentar atas dua Risalah ulama Hadramaut 1883 M (Bahjat Al Wasa’il Syarah Risalah Jamiah), Sulam Al-Munajat 1884 M.

Tasawuf Nawawi Banten

Dalam tasawuf, Nawawi Banten mengikuti manhaj Imam Al-Ghazali. Ini dibuktikan dengan menulis dua kitab: komentar atas Bidayah Al-Hidayah Al-Ghazali (1881 M) dan komentar atas nazam Kifayah Al-Atqiya’ karya Al-Malibari dengan tajuk Salalim Al-Fudhala’ (1884 M). Begitu pula mayoritas ulama Haram masa itu mengikuti manhaj Al-Ghazali.

Dalam majelisnya dia membaca kitab-kitab tasawuf akhlaki. Tak pernah menganjurkan murid-muridnya untuk bergabung dengan tarekat sufi. Namun juga tak pernah melarangnya. Adik seayahnya, Al Marzuqi, penganut tarekat Naqshabandiyah-Qadiriyah.

Dalam banya kesempatan obrolan kami, kata Snouck, terlihat Nawawi Banten memaklumi tradisi masyarakat Nusantara yang sangat menggandrungi tasawuf. Sehingga ketika Sayid Usman bin Yahya (mufti Batavia) mengeluarkan risalah kritiknya pada penganut tarekat, Nawawi Banten semacam membenarkan pendapat Sayid.

Meski telah membaca risalah yang dikirim oleh Sayid. Syeikh tetap menolak berkomentar pedas seperti Sayid. Syeikh Nawawi Banten lebih menyukai tasawuf moderat ala Al-Ghazali.

Penghasilan Syeikh Nawawi

Menurut Snouck, selain mengajar, Syeikh juga bekerja sebagai mutawwif (guide jemaah haji) yang kurang sesuai dengan reputasinya sebagai ulama besar. Bagaimanapun, seorang intelektual seperti Syeikh biasanya memang tidak pandai mencari uang.

Meski sering mendapat hadiah dan oleh-oleh dari murid dan pengagumnya, Nawawi Banten memilih hidup sederhana. Kelebihan harta sering disedekahkan utamanya pada santri. Padahal hadiah yang datang, menurut Snouck, seperti “hujan yang deras.” 

Syeikh beristrikan seorang gadis Jawa yang posesif dan anti poligami. Namun istrinya sangat telaten melayani semua kebutuhan Syeikh. Saat ada tamu datang, sang istri menyiapkan semua jamuan selayaknya para istri di Jawa.    


Abdul Munim Cholil
Abdul Munim Cholil / 44 Artikel

Kiai muda asal Madura. Mengkaji sejumlah karya Mbah Kholil Bangkalan. Lulusan Al-Azhar, Mesir. Katib Mahad Aly Nurul Cholil Bangkalan dan dosen tasawuf STAI Al Fithrah Surabaya

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